Imirimo yo gufatanya y'ibikoresho birinda ubushyuhe, ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe n'ibyuma bigabanya ubushyuhe muri sisitemu ya photovoltaic: Isesengura ry'imikorere n'ibiganiro ku bikenewe
Intangiriro
Bitewe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zikora ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ku isi, umutekano n’ituze bya sisitemu zitanga ingufu z’izuba byabaye ikintu cy’ingenzi mu nganda. Sisitemu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba zigaragara hanze igihe kirekire kandi zishobora guhura n’ibibazo nk’inkuba, ihindagurika ry’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi, ndetse n’ibura ry’ibikoresho, bishobora kwangiza ibikoresho cyangwa ndetse no gutwika. Ibikoresho birinda umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi (SPDs), ibica uruziga, na fuse ni ibikoresho by’ingenzi birinda buri kimwe mu bikorwa byacyo kandi bigakorana kugira ngo sisitemu ikore neza. Iyi nkuru izasesengura byimbitse imikorere yabyo, uburyo bwo guhuza ibikorwa, n’ibikenewe kugira ngo haboneke ishingiro ku bakoresha inganda.
I. "Umwicanyi utagaragara" uhanganye na sisitemu ya photovoltaic
Ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikoresha amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic zimeze nk' "ingabo z'ibyuma" zikorera mu kirere, zihora zihanganye n'ibigeragezo bikomeye bitandukanye.
1.1 Ibibazo byo gukubitwa n'inkuba:
By’umwihariko, mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati no mu Majyepfo y’Uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, igihe kimwe cy’inkuba gishobora guhagarika sisitemu zidafite uburinzi.
1.2 Ihindagurika ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi:
Mu mushinga wo muri Chili nari nshinzwe, ibikoresho byinshi byarakongotse bitewe n’izamuka ritunguranye ry’amashanyarazi ya grid.
1.3 Ingaruka zo gukoresha umuvuduko mugufi:
Umwaka ushize, umushinga mu Budage wagize ikibazo cyo guhagarara bitewe n'insinga zishaje, hafi ya zose zitera inkongi.
Izi ngaruka si ugukabya. Nk’uko bitangazwa n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima bwa Photovoltaic, hejuru ya 60% by’ibura rya sisitemu ya photovoltaic biterwa no kudakora neza k’uburinzi bw’amashanyarazi.
II. Imirimo y'ingenzi y'ibikoresho birinda indwara (SPD)
2.1 Ihame ry'imikorere
SPD iyobora ingufu zidasanzwe zijya hasi binyuze muri metal oxide varistors (MOV) cyangwa imiyoboro isohora gaze (GDT), ikagabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu buryo butekanye. Muri sisitemu za photovoltaic, SPD zikunze gushyirwa ahantu hakurikira:
Uruhande rwa DC (hagati ya modules na inverter): Kurinda imirabyo iterwa n'inkuba.
Uruhande rwa AC (hagati ya inverter na grid): Kugabanya voltage ikabije ku ruhande rwa grid.
2.2 Ibipimo by'ingenzi
Voltage ntarengwa ihoraho (Uc): Igomba kuba ihuye n'urugero rw'voltage rwa sisitemu ya photovoltaic (nk'urugero rwa 1000V DC cyangwa 1500V DC).
Umuvuduko wo gusohora umuriro (In/Iimp): Ugaragaza ubushobozi bwo gusohora umuriro w'inkuba, kandi sisitemu za photovoltaic zisanzwe zikenera 20kA cyangwa zirenga.
Urwego rwo kurinda voltage (Hejuru): Rugena ingano ya voltage isigaye kandi rugomba kuba ruri munsi y'voltage ihangana n'ibikoresho birinzwe.
2.3 Ibikenewe
Irinde ibikoresho bihenze nka inverters n'udusanduku twa combiner kwangirika bitewe n'ingufu.
Kuzuza amahame mpuzamahanga (nka IEC 6164331, UL 1449) n'ibisabwa mu kwemererwa kwa sitasiyo z'amashanyarazi zikoresha amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic.
Ⅲ. Imikorere n'ihitamo ry'ibikoresho bigabanya umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi na za fuse
3.1 Akamashini gakoresha urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi
Imikorere:
•Uburinzi bw'umutwaro urenze urugero: Iyo umuyoboro urenze agaciro kagenwe (nk'inshuro 1.3 z'umuyoboro ugenwe), uburyo bwo kunyuramo ubushyuhe burakora.
•Uburinzi bw'Urugendo Rugufi: Uburyo bwo kuzenguruka hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi bugabanya umuvuduko w'urugendo rugufi (nka 10kA) mu masegonda make.
•Ibiranga ikoreshwa rya Photovoltaic:
Hakenewe gutoranywa icyuma cyabigenewe cya DC circuit breaker (nk'icya DC 1000V/1500V).
Ubushobozi bwo gucika bugomba guhuza n'umuyoboro wa sisitemu ukoresha amashanyarazi make (ubusanzwe ≥ 15kA).
3.2 Fuse
Imikorere:
Mu gushonga igice cya fuse, gishobora kwimura vuba urusobe rw'amashanyarazi rufite ikibazo no kurinda ishami rihujwe n'uruhererekane.
Ibyiza:
Umuvuduko wo guhagarika ugenda wihuta cyane (ku rwego rwa microsecond), ukwiriye imiterere y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ufite amashanyarazi make cyane.
Ni ntoya kandi ikwiriye amasanduku atwara umuriro w'amashanyarazi afite umwanya muto.
3.3 Ubufatanye na SPD
SPD ishinzwe kurinda amashanyarazi, mu gihe ibikoresho bigabanya amashanyarazi/ibirinda fuse ari byo bishinzwe kurinda amashanyarazi.
Iyo SPD inaniwe kubera kwangirika k'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, utumashini dukingira amashanyarazi cyangwa udukingirizo tw'amashanyarazi dushobora guhita duhagarika uruziga rufite ikibazo kugira ngo hirindwe inkongi.
Ⅳ. Inyigo y'uburyo bwo kurinda bw'inzego nyinshi
Dufate urugero rwa sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic ya 1MW:
4.1 Uburinzi ku ruhande rwa DC
Amashami y'uruhererekane rw'ibice: Shyiramo fuse (nk'ubwoko bwa 10A gPV) kuri buri ruhererekane.
Kwinjira mu gasanduku k'ibihuza: Shyiramo ubwoko bwa II SPD (Hejuru ≤ 1.5kV) na DC circuit breaker (63A).
4.2 Uburinzi ku ruhande rwa AC
Impera y'umusaruro wa inverter: Shyiraho Ubwoko bwa 1 + 2 SPD (Iimp ≥ 12.5kA) na molded case circuit breaker (250A).
4.3 Gukurikirana ikibazo cy'ikosa
Iyo inkuba ibaye: SPD irekura ingufu z'amashanyarazi zigafunga voltage iri munsi ya 2kV; iyo SPD inaniwe kubera circuit ngufi, circuit breaker iracika.
Iyo hari umurongo mugufi w'uruziga: Fuse ishonga muri 5ms kugira ngo hirindwe ikwirakwira ry'ingaruka z'ubushyuhe.
Ⅴ. Amabwiriza yo kwirinda guhitamo no gushyiraho
5.1 Guhitamo SPD
Ku ruhande rwa DC, hagomba gutoranywa SPD yihariye ya photovoltaic (nka PVSPD) kugira ngo hirindwe ikibazo cya AC SPD isanzwe.
Igipimo cy'ubushyuhe gikwiye kwitabwaho (Uc igomba gusiga igipimo mu bidukikije birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi).
5.2 Imashini igabanya urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi/Guhuza ibyuma
Ubushobozi bwo gucika bugomba kuba buri hejuru y’umuyoboro ntarengwa w’amashanyarazi wa sisitemu (nk’uko umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi ushobora kugera kuri 1.5kA).
Umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi wa fuse ugomba kuba ukubye inshuro zirenga 1.56 umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi ugabanya umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi (Isc) (dukurikije NEC 690.8).
5.3 Ibitekerezo byo guhuza sisitemu
Uburebure bw'insinga iri hagati ya SPD na circuit breaker bugomba kuba ≤ 0.5m kugira ngo ugabanye voltage isigaye.
Hakwiye gukorwa igenzura rihoraho ry’ibipimo bya SPD, kandi modules zananiwe zigasimbuzwa igihe.
Ⅵ. Imiterere y'inganda n'amakuru agezweho asanzwe
•Ubusabe bw'amashanyarazi menshi: Kubera ko sisitemu za photovoltaic za 1500V zikoreshwa cyane, urugero rw'amashanyarazi ya SPD na circuit breakers rugomba kongerwa mu buryo bumwe.
•Gukurikirana mu buryo bw'ubwenge: SPD z'ubwenge zihuza sensors z'ubushyuhe n'imikorere y'itumanaho ridafite insinga zirimo gushyirwa mu bikorwa buhoro buhoro kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bwo kuburira hakiri kare ikibazo cya kure.
•Gukomeza gukurikizwa: Verisiyo nshya ya IEC 625482023 yashyizeho amabwiriza akomeye yo guhuza ibikoresho birinda sisitemu za photovoltaic.
Umwanzuro
Muri sisitemu za photovoltaic, ibikoresho birinda umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi, ibikoresho bigabanya umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi na fuse bigize sisitemu yuzuye yo kurinda "umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi". Guhitamo neza no gushyiraho neza ibi bice ntibishobora kongera igihe cyo gukora ibikoresho no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubikoresha no kubibungabunga, ahubwo ni ibintu by'ingenzi kugira ngo amashanyarazi akore neza. Hamwe n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga, guhuza no kumenya neza ibi bikoresho bizarushaho kunoza uburyo bwo kurinda amashanyarazi mu gihe kizaza.