Uburyo bwo guhitamo neza igikoresho kirinda indwara (SPD)

Uburyo bwo guhitamo neza igikoresho kirinda indwara (SPD)

I. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo ingingo z'ingenzi

1. Hitamo ubwoko bwa SPD ukurikije urwego rw'uburinzi

• SPD yo mu cyiciro cya mbere (Ikizamini cy'ubwoko bwa 1): Ishyizwe ku muryango w'ikibanza gikuru cyo gukwirakwiza kugira ngo yihangane n'inkuba zikubita mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa buterwa n'inkuba (umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi usohoka ≥12.5kA, 25kA ~ 100kA isabwa). Koresha SPD zivanze (GDT + MOV combination) zifite umuvuduko udafite umuvuduko ukurikira n'amashanyarazi make asigaye.
• Icyiciro cya II SPD (Ikizamini cy'ubwoko bwa 2): Gikoreshwa mu bice bitanga umuriro cyangwa imbere y'ibikoresho kugira ngo kigabanye imbaraga zikomoka ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi (amashanyarazi ya 20kA ~ 40kA). Ingufu zigabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi zifite ingufu zisigaye ≤1.5kV ni zo zisanzwe.
• Icyiciro cya III cya SPD (Ikizamini cy'ubwoko bwa 3): Gishyizwe hafi y'ibikoresho bya terminal (urugero: seriveri, swichi) kugira ngo kirinde ibikoresho byoroheje (amashanyarazi ya 10kA ~ 20kA), hamwe n'amashanyarazi asigaye ≤1.2kV.

2. Ibipimo bya Sisitemu yo Guhuza

• Voltage ihoraho ntarengwa (Uc): Igomba kuba inshuro ≥1.15 z'voltage ya sisitemu (urugero, hitamo Uc ≥440V kuri sisitemu ya 380V) kugira ngo wirinde ko habaho ihindagurika ry'voltage.
   
• Urwego rwo Kurinda Voltage (Hejuru): Urwego rwa I SPD: Hejuru ≤2.5kV
  SPD yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri: Hejuru ≤1.5kV
  SPD yo mu cyiciro cya gatatu: Hejuru ≤1.2kV Menya neza ko ≤80% by'amashanyarazi yihanganira ibikoresho.
     
• Igihe cyo gusubiza:
  SPD yo mu cyiciro cya mbere: ≤25ns
  SPD yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri: ≤25ns
  SPD yo mu cyiciro cya gatatu: ≤1ns

3. Ibisabwa mu gusiga ubutaka no gushyiraho

• Ubudahangarwa bwo gusimbuka: ≤4Ω (≤10Ω mu bice birwanya ubutaka cyane), hamwe n'igice cy'icyuma gitera ubutaka ≥25mm².
• Aho icyuma gishyirwa: Shyira imbere uburebure bw'icyuma gikingira, ugabanye uburebure bw'icyuma gikingira (uburebure bwose bw'icyuma gikingira ≤0.5m) kugira ngo wirinde ko amashanyarazi atera.

II. Ibigomba kwitabwaho by'ingenzi
1. Guhitamo ubwoko bwa SPD

• Ingufu zikoresha ingufu za elegitoroniki (SPD) (GDT): Umuriro uva mu kirere mwinshi (≥100kA) ariko ingaruka zishobora guterwa n'ihungabana ry'umuriro n'ingufu; zikoreshwa gusa mu kurinda urwego rwa mbere.
• SPD Igabanya Voltage (MOV): Voltage nkeya ariko ishobora gusaza; isaba igenzura rihoraho.
• Hybrid SPD: Ihuza ibyiza byo guhindura no kugabanya ubwoko bw'ibikoresho; irasabwa kuri sisitemu zo kurinda zigizwe n'ibice byinshi.

2. Guhuza Ibikorwa Hagati y'Ibyiciro

• Intera ntoya hagati ya SPD zo hejuru n'izo hasi: ≥10m (guhinduranya + kugabanya) cyangwa ≥5m (gugabanya + kugabanya); bitabaye ibyo, shyiramo ibikoresho byo gukuramo uduce duto.
• Inzira yo guhuza ingufu: SPD yo hejuru yinjiza 80% by'ingufu, SPD yo hasi yinjiza 20%.

3. Uburinzi bw'inyongera

• Utwuma duhuza amashanyarazi cyangwa fuse (umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ugereranije n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi wa SPD inshuro 1.5) kugira ngo hirindwe kwiyongera kw'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi mu buryo bugufi.
• Hitamo SPD zifite ibimenyetso byo kwangirika kugira ngo zikoreshwe mu buryo bwikora kandi zigatanga amakuru igihe habayeho ikibazo.

4. Ibisabwa ku buryo bwihariye bwo gukora ibintu

• Sisitemu ya TN-C: Koresha uburyo bwa 3+NPE cyangwa 3P+N kugira ngo wirinde ibyago byo kongera gusimbuka k'umurongo wa PEN.
• Sisitemu ya TT: Shyiramo SPD hagati y'imirongo ya N na PE kugira ngo hirindwe ko habaho gutandukana kw'inyuma.

III. Isuzuma ry'igenzura ry'igishushanyo mbonera
1. Ikizamini cyo Kuzamuka k'Umurabyo: Genzura ubushobozi bwa SPD bwo kwihanganira munsi ya 10/350μs waveform (Icyiciro cya I) cyangwa voltage isigaye munsi ya 8/20μs waveform (Icyiciro cya II/III).
2. Ikizamini cyo Guhagarara k'Ubushyuhe: Umugezi ukomeza gutemba amasaha 2 (50% bya Imax), ugenzura izamuka ry'ubushyuhe ≤60K.
3. Gukurikirana iyangirika: Koresha sensor zubatswemo kugira ngo ukurikirane umuvuduko w'amazi usohoka (agaciro gasanzwe

IV. Amakosa n'ibisubizo bisanzwe  

Ikosa rya 1: Kwirengagiza ubwoko bw'ubutaka bwa sisitemu, bigatuma SPD inanirwa.
Igisubizo: Kuri sisitemu za TN, hitamo 3P+N; kuri sisitemu za TT, hitamo 3P+PE; kuri sisitemu za IT, hitamo 3P.
Ikosa rya 2: Intera idahagije ya SPD, bigatuma habaho kwivanga hagati y'ibice.
Umuti: Guma kuri metero ≥10 hagati ya SPD zo hejuru/zo hasi cyangwa gushyiraho inductors zo gukuraho (≥1mH).
Ikosa rya 3: Kwirengagiza uburinzi bw'inyongera, bishobora gutera inkongi nyuma yo gufunga umuyoboro wa SPD.
Umuti: Fuse zihujwe n'uruhererekane (umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ugereranije n'inshuro 1.5 z'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi uhoraho wa SPD).

Incamake  
Guhitamo SPD bisaba isuzuma ryimbitse ry’amashanyarazi ya sisitemu, ingaruka z’inkuba, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibikoresho, n’aho bishyirwa. SPD zo mu cyiciro cya mbere zishyira imbere ubushobozi bwo gusohora, mu gihe Icyiciro cya kabiri/icya gatatu zibanda ku kugenzura ingufu zisigaye. SPD zo mu kimenyetso zigomba guhuza ubwoko bw’aho zihurira. Igenzura rihoraho (urugero: umuriro usohoka, gusaza kw’umubiri) rituma habaho imikorere myiza yo kurinda igihe kirekire.