1. Ubu imiterere by'inganda zikoresha ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba (photovoltaic)

1.1 Iterambere ryihuse ry'Isoko ry'Izuba ry'Ubushyuhe bw'Izuba

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, inganda zikora ku ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic ku isi zabonye iterambere rikabije. Dukurikije amakuru aturuka mu Kigo Mpuzamahanga Gishinzwe Ingufu (IEA), mu 2023, ubushobozi bushya bwo gukoresha ingufu za photovoltaic ku isi bwarenze 350 GW, naho ubushobozi bwo gukoresha bwarenze 1.5 TW. Ibihugu n'uturere nk'Ubushinwa, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Uburayi, n'Ubuhinde byabaye imbaraga zikomeye ku isoko rya photovoltaic.

- Ubushinwa: Nk'isoko rinini ku isi rikoresha ingufu z'izuba, Ubushinwa bwongereyeho GW zirenga 200 z'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba mu 2023, bingana na 57% by'ubushobozi bushya bwashyizweho ku isi. Inkunga ya leta, iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga, no kugabanya ikiguzi ni byo bintu by'ingenzi bitera iterambere ry'inganda zikoresha ingufu z'izuba mu Bushinwa.

- Uburayi: Kubera ko Uburusiya na Ukraine bahuye n’ibibazo by’intambara, Uburayi bwihutishije impinduka mu ngufu. Mu 2023, ubushobozi bushya bwa fotovoltaic y’izuba bwarenze 60 GW, hamwe n’iterambere rigaragara mu bihugu nka Ubudage, Esipanye n’Ubuholandi.

- Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika: Bitewe inkunga n'Itegeko ryo Kugabanya Izamuka ry'Ibiciro (IRA), isoko rya Amerika ry'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba ryakomeje kwiyongera, rifite ubushobozi bushya bwa GW 40 mu 2023.

- Ubuhinde: Guverinoma y'Ubuhinde ishyigikiye cyane iterambere ry'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Mu 2023, ubushobozi bushya bwa fotovoltaic y'izuba bwashyizwemo bwarenze 20 GW, hagamijwe kugera kuri 500 GW y'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu 2030.

1.2Iterambere rihoraho mu ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic

Udushya dukomeje mu ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic twatumye umusaruro wiyongera kandi ikiguzi cyo gukoresha ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba cyagabanuka:

- Ikoranabuhanga rya bateri rikoresha ingufu nyinshi nka PERC, TOPCon, na HJT: Selile za PERC (Passivated Emitter na Rear Contact) ziracyari izisanzwe, ariko ikoranabuhanga rya TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) na HJT (Heterojunction) rigenda ryongera isoko ryazo buhoro buhoro bitewe n’ubushobozi bwazo bwo guhindura ibintu (>24%).

- Selile z'izuba za Perovskite: Nk'ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic ry'ikinyejana gitaha, selile za perovskite zageze ku musaruro wa laboratwari urenga 33% kandi byitezwe ko zizatanga umusaruro mu bucuruzi mu gihe kizaza.

- Modules zo mu bwoko bwa Bifacial n'ibikoresho byo gukurikirana: Modules zo mu bwoko bwa Bifacial zishobora kongera ingufu zitangwa ku kigero cya 10% kugeza kuri 20%, mu gihe ibikoresho byo gukurikirana binoza inguni y'izuba, bikongera imikorere myiza ya sisitemu.

1.3Itsinda Ikiguzi cy'ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic gikomeje kugabanuka

Mu myaka icumi ishize, ikiguzi cyo kubyaza ingufu za photovoltaic cyagabanutseho ibirenga 80%. Nk’uko IRENA (Ikigo Mpuzamahanga Gishinzwe Ingufu Zisubiramo), ikiguzi cy’amashanyarazi ku rwego rw’isi (LCOE) ku ngufu za photovoltaic mu 2023 cyagabanutse kigera kuri 0.03 - 0.05 by’amadolari y’Amerika kuri kWh, kikaba kiri hasi ugereranyije n’ikoreshwa ry’amashanyarazi y’amakara na gaze karemano, bigatuma iba imwe mu masoko y’ingufu ahangana cyane.

1.4 Guhuza iterambere ryo kubika ingufu n'ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic

Bitewe n’uburyo ingufu za photovoltaic zikoreshwa rimwe na rimwe, ikoreshwa ry’uburyo bwo kubika ingufu (nk’abateri za lithium, bateri za sodium-ion, bateri zigenda zinyuramo, n’ibindi) byagiye bihinduka ikintu gishimishije. Mu 2023, ubushobozi bushya bw’imishinga yo kubika ingufu za photovoltaic ku isi bwarenze 30 GW, kandi byitezwe ko buzakomeza kwiyongera cyane mu myaka icumi iri imbere.

2. Itsinda akamaro by'inganda zikora amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic

2.1 Gukemura ikibazo cy'imihindagurikire y'ikirere guhindura no guteza imbere intego zo kutagira umwuka uhumanya ikirere

Ibihugu hirya no hino ku isi birimo kwihutisha ihindagurika ry’ingufu zabyo kugira ngo bigabanye imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'ingufu zisukuye, zigira uruhare runini mu kugera ku ntego ya "kutagira karuboni ibogama". Dukurikije amasezerano ya Paris, bitarenze umwaka wa 2030, umugabane w’ingufu zisubira ku isi ugomba kugera kuri 40%, kandi ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba zizaba imwe mu masoko y’ingufu akomeye.

2.2 Umutekano w'ingufu n'ubwigenge

Ingufu gakondo (nka peteroli na gaze karemano) zigirwaho ingaruka cyane na politiki y’isi, mu gihe ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba zikwirakwira cyane kandi zishobora kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku ngufu zituruka hanze. Urugero, Uburayi bwagabanyije ubushake bwabwo bwa gaze karemano y’Uburusiya bukoresha inganda nini zitanga ingufu za photovoltaic, bityo byongera ubushobozi bwabwo bwo gukoresha ingufu.

2.3 Guteza imbere iterambere ry'ubukungu n'umurimo

Uruhererekane rw'inganda zikora imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic rugizwe n'ibice byinshi birimo ibikoresho bya silicon, silicon wafers, bateri, modules, inverters, brackets, na energy storage, byatanze akazi ka miliyoni ku isi. Abakozi bashinzwe amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa barenga miliyoni 3, kandi inganda zikora imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic mu Burayi no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika nazo zirimo kwaguka vuba.

2.4 Guteza imbere amashanyarazi mu cyaro no kugabanya ubukene

Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, imiyoboro mito y'amashanyarazi ikoresha urumuri rw'izuba n'imirasire y'izuba yo mu ngo bitanga amashanyarazi mu turere twa kure kandi bikanoza imibereho y'abaturage. Urugero, "Imiterere y'Inzu y'Izuba" muri Afurika yafashije abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni kuva mu gihugu cyo kutagira amashanyarazi.

3.Ni ngombwa gukoresha igikoresho cyo kurinda umuvuduko w'amazi (SPD) muri sisitemu ya photovoltaic

3.1 Inkuba zikubita n'ingaruka ziterwa n'ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi buterwa na sisitemu za photovoltaic

Ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikoresha photovoltaic zikunze gushyirwa ahantu hadafunguye (nk'ubutayu, ku bisenge by'inzu, no ku misozi), kandi zishobora kwibasirwa cyane n'inkuba n'ingaruka z'amashanyarazi arenze urugero. Ingaruka nyamukuru zirimo:

- Inkuba ikubita: Gukubita ku buryo butaziguye modules cyangwa supports za photovoltaic, bigatera kwangirika kw'ibikoresho.

- Inkuba iterwa n'inkuba: Ingufu z'amashanyarazi zituruka ku nkuba zitera voltage nyinshi mu nsinga, zikangiza ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga nka inverters na controllers.

- Ihindagurika ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi: Ingufu zirenze urugero z'imikorere ku ruhande rw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi (nk'ibikorwa byo guhinduranya, amakosa ya "short-circuit") zishobora koherezwa kuri sisitemu ya photovoltaic.

3.2 Imikorere y'igikoresho kirinda indwara (SPD)

Ibikoresho birinda inkuba ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu kurinda inkuba no kurinda amashanyarazi arenze urugero muri sisitemu ya photovoltaic. Imirimo yabyo y'ingenzi irimo:

- Kugabanya ingufu zidasanzwe z'amashanyarazi: Kugenzura ingufu nyinshi ziterwa n'inkuba cyangwa ihindagurika ry'amashanyarazi mu ntera itekanye.

- Gusohora imigezi ikabije: Kwerekeza imigezi myinshi mu butaka vuba kugira ngo birinde ibikoresho biri munsi y'umugezi.

- Kongera ubushobozi bwo gukoresha sisitemu: Kugabanya ibibazo by'ibikoresho no kudakora neza bitewe n'inkuba cyangwa kwiyongera kw'amashanyarazi.

3.3 Ikoreshwa rya SPD muri sisitemu za photovoltaic

Uburyo bwo kurinda umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi kuri sisitemu za photovoltaic bugomba gutegurwa mu byiciro bitandukanye:

- Uburinzi ku ruhande rwa DC (kuva kuri modules za photovoltaic kugeza kuri inverter):

- Shyira ubwoko bwa kabiri bwa SPD ku mpera y'umugozi kugira ngo wirinde imirabyo n'ingufu nyinshi ziterwa n'imikorere.

- Shyira ubwoko bwa I + II SPD ku mpera ya DC yinjiye muri inverter kugira ngo ukemure ikibazo cy’inkuba itaziguye n’iyatewe n’inkuba.

- Uburinzi ku ruhande rwa AC (kuva kuri inverter kugera kuri grid):

- Shyira ubwoko bwa kabiri bwa SPD ku mpera y'umusaruro wa inverter kugira ngo hirindwe ko grid-side overvoltage yinjira.

- Shyira ubwoko bwa gatatu bwa SPD mu kabati ko gukwirakwiza ibikoresho kugira ngo utange uburinzi buhamye ku bikoresho byoroheje.

3.4 Ingingo z'ingenzi zo guhitamo ibikingira umuvuduko

- Guhuza urwego rw'amashanyarazi: Voltage ntarengwa ihoraho (Uc) ya SPD igomba kuba iri hejuru y'voltage ya sisitemu (urugero, sisitemu ya photovoltaic ya 1000Vdc isaba SPD ifite Uc ≥ 1200V).

- Ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi: Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ukoreshwa mu gusohora (In) wa DC side SPD ugomba kuba ≥ 20kA, naho umuyoboro ntarengwa ukoreshwa mu gusohora (Imax) ugomba kuba ≥ 40kA.

- Urwego rw'uburinzi: Gushyira hanze bigomba kuba byujuje uburinzi bwa IP65 cyangwa buri hejuru, bikaba bikwiriye ahantu hakomeretse.

- Amabwiriza agenga icyemezo: Yubahiriza IEC 61643-31 (ihame rya SPDs zihariye kuri photovoltaic) na UL 1449 n'izindi mpamyabumenyi mpuzamahanga.

3.5 Ingaruka zishobora guterwa no kudashyiraho SPD

- Kwangirika kw'ibikoresho: Ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho nka inverters na sisitemu zo gukurikirana bishobora kwangirika cyane kandi ikiguzi cyo gusana kiri hejuru.

- Gutakaza ingufu z'amashanyarazi: Inkuba zikubita zituma sisitemu zihagarara, bigira ingaruka ku nyungu z'amashanyarazi.

- Inkongi y'umuriro: Ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi bushobora gutera inkongi z'amashanyarazi, bigateza akaga ku mutekano w'ikigo cy'amashanyarazi.

4. Isi yose Ibyerekezo by'isoko ry'abashinzwe kurinda PV Surge

4.1 Iterambere ry'Ubusabe bw'Isoko

Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bwihuse bw’ubushobozi bwo gushyiraho imashini zirinda ubushyuhe, isoko ry’ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe naryo ryagutse icyarimwe. Biteganijwe ko ingano y’isoko mpuzamahanga rya SPD rizaba rirenga miliyari 2 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu 2025, hamwe n’igipimo cy’izamuka ry’ingufu z’umwaka (CAGR) cya 15%.

4.2 Icyerekezo cy'udushya mu ikoranabuhanga

- SPD y'ubwenge: Ifite imikorere yo kugenzura no gutanga amakuru y'ikosa, kandi ishyigikira imikorere yo kure.

- Ingufu nyinshi: SPD zifite ingufu nyinshi (nk'ingufu za 1500V) zabaye ingenzi cyane.

- Kuramba igihe kirekire: Gukoresha ibikoresho bishya by’ingenzi (nk'ikoranabuhanga rya zinc oxide composite), kongera igihe kirekire cya SPDs.

4.3 Politiki n'Iterambere Risanzwe

- Amabwiriza mpuzamahanga nka IEC 62305 (Ingingo ngenderwaho yo Kurinda Inkuba) na IEC 61643-31 (Ingingo ngenderwaho ya SPD yo mu bwoko bwa Photovoltaic) ategeka ko sisitemu za photovoltaic zigomba kugira uburinzi bw'ingufu.

- "Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki byo kurinda inkuba za sitasiyo z'amashanyarazi za photovoltaic" (GB/T 32512-2016) mu Bushinwa bigaragaza neza ibisabwa mu guhitamo no gushyiraho SPD.

5.Umwanzuro: Inganda zikora ibijyanye n'ingufu z'amashanyarazi (photovoltaic) ntizishobora kubaho zidafite ibikoresho bikingira umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi

Iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zikora ku zuba ryashyize imbaraga nyinshi mu mpinduka z’ingufu ku isi. Ariko, inkuba n’ingaruka z’inkuba ntibishobora kwirengagizwa. Ibikoresho bikingira zuba, nk'ingwate y’ingenzi mu mikorere myiza ya sisitemu zikora ku zuba rya zuba, bishobora kugabanya neza ibyago byo kwangirika kw’ibikoresho, kunoza imikorere myiza y’amashanyarazi, no kongera igihe cy’imikorere ya sisitemu. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe n’iterambere rihoraho ry’ibikoresho bikoresha ku zuba rya ...

Ku bashoramari bakomoka kuri photovoltaic, ku bigo bya EPC ndetse no ku matsinda ashinzwe ibikorwa no kubungabunga, guhitamo ibikoresho byo kurinda ingufu z’amashanyarazi byujuje ibisabwa ku rwego rwo hejuru kandi byujuje ibisabwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga ni ingamba ikomeye yo kwemeza ko ikigo cy’amashanyarazi kizakomeza gukora neza mu gihe kirekire no kongera inyungu mu ishoramari.