Ubushobozi bwa fotovoltaic ku isi bwarenze 350GW umwaka ushize, aho Ubushinwa bwatanze inkunga irenga kimwe cya gatatu. Iri koranabuhanga rikoresha ibidukikije rihindura imirasire y'izuba amashanyarazi ryagabanutseho 80% mu myaka icumi ishize, ariko rihura n'ikibazo gikomeye cy'inkuba - sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi yo muri Arizona, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, yigeze gutakaza miliyoni 2 z'amadolari kubera inkuba. Ibyuma bikingira amashanyarazi byabaye "ikintu gikiza ubuzima" cy'ibigo by'amashanyarazi, biyobora volti ibihumbi mirongo by'amashanyarazi y'inkuba mu butaka binyuze mu muyoboro w'uburinzi bw'urwego rutatu. Impuguke mu nganda zagaragaje ko uko ingufu za sisitemu za photovoltaic zizamuka zikagera kuri 1500V, ibikoresho byo kurinda birimo gutangiza impinduramatwara mu ikoranabuhanga mu bikoresho bya silikoni.

1.Sisitemu ya photovoltaic: imbaraga z'ibanze z'ingufu zisukuye

1.1 Sisitemu ya Photovoltaic ni iki?

Sisitemu ya photovoltaic ni igikoresho gihindura ingufu z'izuba mu buryo butaziguye mo ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Igizwe ahanini n'ibi bikurikira by'ingenzi:

- Modules za photovoltaic (imirasire y'izuba): Gukoresha ingaruka za photoelectric z'ibikoresho bya semiconductor (nk'isilicone monocrystalline, silicone polycrystalline, cyangwa filime nto) kugira ngo bikore amashanyarazi ataziguye.

- Inverters: Hindura amashanyarazi ataziguye mu muyoboro usimburana ukoreshwa mu ngo cyangwa mu nganda.

- Sisitemu zo gushyiraho: Gufata neza module za photovoltaic no kunoza inguni y'urumuri rw'izuba.

- Bateri zo kubika (si ngombwa): Bika amashanyarazi arenze urugero kugira ngo wongere ikoreshwa ry'ingufu.

- Sisitemu zo gukwirakwiza no gukurikirana: Gutanga ingufu zihoraho no kugenzura imikorere mu buryo bufatika.

Sisitemu za photovoltaic zishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bitandukanye zihujwe n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi (zihujwe n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi rusange) n’izidahujwe n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi (amashanyarazi yigenga), kandi zikoreshwa cyane mu bisenge by’amazu, mu nyubako z’ubucuruzi n’inganda, mu bigo binini by’amashanyarazi bishyirwa hasi, no mu bice bya kure.

1.2 Imiterere y'iterambere ry'isi yose rya sisitemu ya photovoltaic

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, isoko ry’ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic ku isi ryagaragaje iterambere rikabije:

- Igipimo cyo gushyiraho: Ubushobozi bushya bwo gushyiraho ibikoresho ku isi bwarenze 350 GW mu 2023, aho Ubushinwa, Uburayi, na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ari byo masoko atatu ya mbere.

- Kugabanya ikiguzi: Igiciro cya modules za photovoltaic cyagabanutseho hejuru ya 80% ugereranije no mu myaka 10 ishize, kandi mu turere tumwe na tumwe, ikiguzi cy’amashanyarazi (LCOE) cyagabanutse kiri munsi ya 0.03 by’amadolari y’Amerika kuri kWh.

- Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga: Ubushobozi bwo gukora uturemangingo twa TOPCon na HJT mu bwinshi bwarenze 25%, kandi imikorere ya laboratwari y'ikoranabuhanga rya perovskite yarenze 33%.

2. Uruhare n'akamaro ka sisitemu za photovoltaic: guteza imbere impinduka mu ngufu

2.1 Inyungu ku bidukikije: Kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere

Ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic ntabwo zihumanya ikirere muri iki gikorwa cyose. Buri sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic ya 1MW ishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya dioxyde de carbone ho toni 1.000 buri mwaka, bingana no gutera ibiti 50.000. Dukurikije imibare y'Ikigo Mpuzamahanga Gishinzwe Ingufu Zisubiramo (IRENA), ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic ku isi ryagabanyije imyuka ihumanya ikirere ho toni zisaga miliyari imwe.

2.2 Inyungu z'Ubukungu: Kugabanya Ikiguzi cy'Ingufu no Guhanga Imirimo

- Ku ngo n'ibigo by'ubucuruzi: Binyuze muri moderi ya "Kwikoresha + Ingufu z'inyongera kuri Grid", abakoresha bashobora kuzigama 30% kugeza kuri 90% ku fagitire z'amashanyarazi.

- Ingamba z'Igihugu: Gahunda ya 14 y'imyaka itanu y'Ubushinwa irateganya ko igipimo cy'ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa mu gutanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi kizagera kuri 33% mu 2025, kandi inganda zikora ku bushyuhe bw'izuba zizatanga imirimo irenga miliyoni 3.

2.3 Umutekano w'Ingufu: Kwibohora Ubusabe bw'Ibikomoka kuri Mazutu

Nyuma y’intambara hagati y’Uburusiya na Ukraine, Uburayi bwihutishije gahunda yabwo yo "gubika ingufu za photovoltaic +". Mu 2023, ubushobozi bushya bwashyizweho bwarenze 60 GW, hagamijwe kugabanya kwishingikiriza kuri gaze karemano.

2.4 Indangagaciro z'imibereho myiza: Gukemura ikibazo cy'amashanyarazi mu turere tudafite amashanyarazi

Mu turere twa kure twa Afurika, Aziya y'Epfo n'utundi turere, sisitemu za photovoltaic zikoresha amashanyarazi zidafite amashanyarazi zatanze amashanyarazi ku bantu barenga miliyoni 200, zinoza serivisi za leta nko mu buvuzi no mu burezi.

3. Ibitero bitagaragara ku buryo bwa photovoltaic: ingaruka z'ubwiyongere bw'ingufu ntizishobora kwirengagizwa

Nubwo sisitemu za photovoltaic zifite ibyiza bikomeye, imiterere yazo yo gushyira hanze ibishyira mu kaga gakomeye (amashanyarazi menshi).

3.1 Inkomoko n'Ingaruka z'Ubwiyongere bw'Indwara

• Inkuba zikubita: Inkuba zikubita cyangwa imirabyo ishobora gutanga ingufu nyinshi z’amashanyarazi zihita zitera volts ibihumbi mirongo, zishobora kwangiza inverters, ibice byazo, cyangwa zigatera inkongi.

• Ihindagurika ry'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi: Imikorere yo guhinduranya, impinduka zitunguranye z'umutwaro, nibindi, bishobora gutera amashanyarazi menshi, bikangiza ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byoroshye.

• Imirongo yo ku ruhande rwa DC: Umuvuduko mwinshi wa DC muri sisitemu ya photovoltaic (600V - 1500V) worohereza imirongo idashira kubaho bitewe no gusaza cyangwa gukorana nabi mu mirongo, bigatera akaga gakomeye.

Urubanza: Mu 2022, sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic i Arizona, muri Amerika, yangijwe n'insinga zayo zose bitewe n'inkuba, bituma hagira igihombo kirenga miliyoni 2 z'amadolari y'Amerika.

3.2 Imikorere y'ingenzi y'ibikoresho birinda indwara zo mu bwonko (SPD)

Igikoresho cyo kurinda umuvuduko w'amazi (SPD) ni "umurinzi w'umutekano" wa sisitemu ya photovoltaic. Kirinda umutekano wa sisitemu binyuze mu buryo bukurikira:

3.2.1 Irekurwa ry'Umuvuduko Ukabije w'Ingufu

Ishyira inkuba cyangwa umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi mu butaka kugira ngo igabanye voltage mu rugero rwiza.

3.2.2 Uburinzi bw'inzego nyinshi

• Urwego rwa 1 (ku mpera ya photovoltaic array): Isubiza inkuba mu buryo butaziguye, ifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi urenga 20kA.

• Urwego rwa 2 (ku mpera ya inverter): Igabanya ukwiyongera kw'ibisigazwa kandi ikarinda ibikoresho by'ingenzi.

• Urwego rwa 3 (ku mpera y'ikwirakwizwa): Rutanga uburinzi buhamye kugira ngo rurebe neza ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi ya terminal.

3.2.3 Gukurikirana mu buryo bw'ubwenge

Itangazo ry'akazi rikoreshwa mu gihe nyacyo n'amatangazo y'igihe cyo kubaho, bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora no kubungabunga.

4. Kuki wahitamo uburyo bwacu bwo kurinda umuvuduko w'amazi? — Byakozwe ku buryo bujyanye na sisitemu ya photovoltaic

Nk'umutanga serivisi ukomeye mu bijyanye no kurinda isuri mu nganda, ibicuruzwa byacu bifite inyungu z'ingenzi zikurikira:

4.1 Guhuza tekiniki n'ibisabwa n'abahanga mu bya tekiniki kugira ngo bihuzwe n'ibisabwa na photovoltaic

- Ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira amashanyarazi menshi: Ishyigikira sisitemu ya DC ya 1500V, irenga kure umupaka wa 1000V wa SPD zisanzwe.

- Uburinzi bwa DC arc: Igikoresho cyo gufunga uruziga rwihuse cyubatswemo, igihe cyo gusubiza kiri munsi ya 1ms, kirinda ibyago by'inkongi y'umuriro.

- Ubudahangarwa bukomeye mu gihe cy'ikirere: Urwego rwo kurinda IP65, rukora mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya -40℃ na 85℃, rukwiriye ahantu habi nko mu butayu no mu nkengero z'inyanja.

4.2 Impamyabushobozi Mpuzamahanga n'Igenzura ry'Iyubahirizwa ry'Amategeko

- Nabonye impamyabumenyi zisanzwe ku isi nka TUV, UL, na IEC 61643-31, zujuje ibisabwa na EU CE, US NEC 690 n'andi mabwiriza.

- Raporo yuzuye yo gukurikirana ibikoresho bya silikoni, byujuje byoroshye ibisabwa mu isuzuma rya UFLPA yo muri Amerika.

4.3 Kongera Serivisi z'Ingenzi mu Kunoza Ubunararibonye bw'Abakiriya

- Ibisubizo byihariye: Gushushanya urwego rwo kurinda hashingiwe ku miterere y'ikirere n'imiterere y'urusobe rw'amazi (nk'imiterere myiza y'uturere dukunze guhura n'inkuba).

- Gukurikirana kure: Moduli ya IoT ishobora gushyirwa muri platform ya photovoltaic operating and maintenance kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bwo kuburira hakiri kare amakosa.

- Gusubiza byihuse: Ibikoresho bisigaye bibikwa mu bubiko bwo mu mahanga, kandi ubufasha bwa tekiniki buzatangwa mu masaha 48.

Ikibazo cy'umukiriya:

- Hatanzwe igisubizo cyuzuye cya SPD ku ishanyarazi rya 300MW muri Arabiya Sawudite, nta nkuba ikubita mu myaka itatu.

- Nyuma y'uko abacuruzi b'ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic bo mu Budage bayiguze, igipimo cy'ibirego by'abakiriya cyagabanutseho 90%.

5. Gutekereza ku hazaza: PV n'uburinzi bw'ingufu bitera imbere hamwe

Uko ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic rikomeje gutera imbere rigana ku muvuduko mwinshi (nk'uburyo bwa 2000V) n'ubwenge bwinshi, ibikoresho birinda umuvuduko nabyo bizavugururwa icyarimwe:

- Ubwenge: AI ihanura ibyago byo gukubitwa n'inkuba kandi igahindura ingamba zo kurinda mu buryo bwikora.

- Udushya mu bikoresho: Ibikoresho bya Silicon Carbide (SiC) byongera umuvuduko w'ibisubizo n'igihe cyo kubaho.

- Guhuza sisitemu: Gukorana byimbitse n'ibikoresho bihindura imikorere n'uburyo bwo kubika ingufu kugira ngo habeho umuyoboro w'uburinzi "ukora neza kandi udakora".

Umwanzuro

Hitamo uburinzi bwizewe kugira ngo urinde ahazaza ha photovoltaics

Sisitemu ya photovoltaic ni inkingi y'impinduka mu ngufu zihumanya ikirere, kandi umurinzi w'ingufu ni "umurongo w'ubwirinzi utagaragara" kugira ngo ukomeze gukora neza igihe kirekire. Twiyemeje guha abakiriya bo ku isi ibisubizo bya SPD bihendutse kandi byizewe cyane, bigafasha buri watt y'amashanyarazi meza kugera aho agana mu mutekano.