Guhitamo Ibikoresho byo Kurinda Izamuka ry'Ingufu Guhitamo Ibikoresho byo Kurinda Ingufu kuri Sisitemu za PV - Ubwoko bwa SPD

Ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic (PV) ni isoko y'ingenzi y'ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa kandi zihangana cyane mu bukungu ugereranije n'ingufu zisanzwe zikoreshwa. Sisitemu nto za PV zikwirakwizwa, nk'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zo ku gisenge, zirimo gukundwa cyane. Sisitemu za PV zo ku gisenge zikoresha AC na DC aho voltage igera kuri 1500V. Uruhande rwa DC, cyane cyane PV, rushobora guhura n'inkuba mu bice bishobora kwangirika cyane, bigatuma zishobora kwangirika n'inkuba.

Uburinzi bw'inkuba ku nyubako bugabanyijemo uburinzi bwo hanze (Sisitemu yo Kurinda Inkuba, LPS) n'uburinzi bw'imbere (Surge Protective Measures, SPM), bushingiye ku ngaruka z'inkuba. Ibikoresho Birinda Inkuba (SPDs), nk'igice cy'uburinzi bw'imbere, birinda imbaraga z'amashanyarazi ziterwa n'inkuba zo mu kirere cyangwa ibikorwa byo guhinduranya. SPD zishyirwa hanze y'ibikoresho birinzwe kandi ahanini bikora ku buryo bukurikira: iyo nta ngufu zigaragara muri sisitemu y'amashanyarazi, SPD ntabwo igira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere isanzwe ya sisitemu irinda. Iyo habayeho kwiyongera, SPD itanga impedance nke, iyobya umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi unyuramo ubwayo kandi igagabanya voltage ku rwego rwiza. Iyo kwiyongera kurenze kandi umuriro usigaye ukaba warazimye, SPD isubira ku rugero rwo hejuru rw'imbaraga.

1. Aho ibikoresho birinda Surge (SPD) bishyirwa

Aho SPD zishyirwa hagenwa hakurikijwe urwego rw'impanuka z'inkuba kandi hashingiwe ku gitekerezo cya Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) muri IEC 62305. Ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi bugenda bugabanuka buhoro buhoro kugeza ku rwego rwiza, rugomba kuba munsi y'imbaraga zihangana n'ibikoresho birinzwe. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho, SPD zishyirwa ku mbibi z'utwo duce, bigatuma habaho igitekerezo cyo kurinda ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwa muri sisitemu zifite ingufu nke. Kuri sisitemu za PV, intego ni ukubuza umuyaga kwinjira mu mpande za AC na DC, bityo bikarinda ibice by'ingenzi nka inverters.

2. Amasomo yo Gupima Ibikoresho Birinda Ubushyuhe (SPD)

Dukurikije IEC 61643-11, SPD zishyirwa mu byiciro bitatu by'ibizamini hashingiwe ku bwoko bw'ingufu z'umurabyo zagenewe kwihanganira. Ibizamini byo mu bwoko bwa I (byanditseho T1) bigamije kwigana imirasire y'umurabyo igice ishobora gukorerwa mu nyubako. Ibi bikoresha ishusho y'umuraba wa 10/350 µs, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho, kandi akenshi bikoreshwa ku mupaka uri hagati ya LPZ0 na LPZ1—nk'aho ku mbaho ​​nini zikwirakwiza cyangwa transformer ifite voltage nkeya. SPD kuri uru rwego akenshi ziba zo mu bwoko bwa voltage-switching, zifite ibice nk'imiyoboro isohora gaze cyangwa icyuho cy'urumuri (urugero, icyuho cy'ihembe cyangwa icyuho cya grafiti).

Ibipimo byo mu bwoko bwa II (T2) n'ubwoko bwa III (T3) bikoresha impulses z'igihe gito. SPD zo mu bwoko bwa II ubusanzwe ni ibikoresho bigabanya amashanyarazi bikoresha ibice nka metal oxide varistors (MOVs). Bipimwa hakoreshejwe umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ukoreshwa mu gusohora amashanyarazi wa 8/20 µs (reba Ishusho y'umuvuduko), kandi bigira uruhare mu kugabanya amashanyarazi asigaye ava mu gikoresho cyo kurinda umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi. Ibipimo byo mu bwoko bwa III bikoresha icyuma gitera amashanyarazi gifite voltage ya 1.2/50 µs na 8/20 µs (reba Ishusho iri hepfo), biganisha ku kuzamuka kw'amashanyarazi hafi y'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gusohora amashanyarazi.

3. Ubwoko bw'igikoresho cyo kwirinda indwara (SPDs) gihuza

Hari uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi bwo kurinda umuriro ukabije w'amashanyarazi. Ubwa mbere ni uburyo busanzwe bwo kurinda umuriro (CT1), bwagenewe kurinda umuriro ukabije hagati y'amashanyarazi asanzwe n'ubutaka burinda amashanyarazi (PE). Urugero, imirabyo ishobora gushyira imbaraga nyinshi mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi ugereranyije n'ubutaka. Uburinzi busanzwe bufasha kugabanya ingaruka z'ibintu nk'ibi byo hanze, nk'inkuba, nk'uko bigaragara hano hepfo.

Icya kabiri ni uburinzi bw’uburyo butandukanye (CT2), burinda kwiyongera hagati y’umurongo w’amashanyarazi (L) n’umurongo w’amashanyarazi utagira aho ubogamiye (N). Ubwo bwoko bw’uburinzi ni ingenzi cyane mu gukemura ibibazo by’imbere mu mubiri, nk’urusaku rw’amashanyarazi cyangwa kwivanga kw’amashanyarazi bivuka muri sisitemu ubwayo, nk’uko bigaragara ku gishushanyo kiri hepfo.

Mu gushyira mu bikorwa bumwe muri ubu buryo bwo kurinda, sisitemu z'amashanyarazi zishobora kurindwa neza n'amasoko ashobora gukururwa n'amashanyarazi, amaherezo bikazamura igihe kirekire no kwizerwa kw'ibikoresho bihujwe.

Ni ngombwa kumenya ko guhitamo uburyo bwo kurinda bwa SPD bugomba guhuzwa na sisitemu yo gufunga ubutaka iriho. Kuri sisitemu za TN, uburyo bwo kurinda bwa CT1 na CT2 bushobora gukoreshwa. Ariko, muri sisitemu za TT, CT1 ishobora gukoreshwa gusa munsi ya RCD. Muri sisitemu za IT—cyane cyane izidafite conductor idafite aho ibogamiye—uburinzi bwa CT2 ntibukoreshwa. Iki ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu buryo bwo gukwirakwiza DC bukoresha imiterere ya IT grounding. Ibisobanuro birambuye biboneka mu mbonerahamwe iri hepfo.

4. Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'ibikoresho birinda indwara (SPD)

Dukurikije ibipimo mpuzamahanga bya IEC 61643-11, imiterere n'ibizamini bya SPDs bifitanye isano na sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza ingufu z'amashanyarazi make birasobanuwe, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 7.

(1) Urwego rwo Kurinda Voltage (Hejuru)

Ikintu cy'ingenzi cyane mu guhitamo SPD ni urwego rwayo rwo kurinda voltage (Hejuru), rugaragaza imikorere ya SPD mu kugabanya voltage hagati ya terminals. Iki giciro kigomba kuba kiri hejuru ya voltage ntarengwa yo gufunga. Kigerwaho iyo amashanyarazi anyura muri SPD angana na nominal discharge current In. Urwego rwo kurinda voltage rwatoranijwe rugomba kuba ruri hasi ugereranije na voltage ihangana na impulse Uw y'umutwaro. Mu gihe inkuba ikubita, voltage iri ku terminals za SPD muri rusange iguma munsi ya Hejuru. Kuri sisitemu za PV DC, umutwaro ukunze kuba ureba modules za PV na inverters.

(2) Umuvuduko ntarengwa w'amashanyarazi uhoraho (Uc)

Uc ni voltage ntarengwa ya DC ishobora gukoreshwa buri gihe muri mode yo kurinda SPD. Itoranywa hashingiwe ku voltage igenwe n'imiterere ya sisitemu yo gusimbuza kandi ikaba ari urwego rwo kuyikoresha rwa SPD. Ku ruhande rwa DC rwa sisitemu za PV, Uc igomba kuba nini kurusha cyangwa ingana na Uoc Max ya array ya PV. Uoc Max yerekeza kuri voltage ifunguye cyane hagati ya terminals zikora no hagati ya terminal zikora n'ubutaka ku gace kagenwe k'array ya PV.

(3) Umuyoboro w'amazi usohoka mu buryo bw'ibanga (Muri)

Iki ni agaciro gakomeye k'umuyoboro w'amazi wa 8/20 μs unyura muri SPD, ukoreshwa mu bizamini byo mu bwoko bwa II no mu bizamini byo kugena uko ibintu bimeze mbere mu bwoko bwa I na Ubwoko bwa kabiriIEC isaba ko SPD ishobora kwihanganira nibura 8/20 μs waveform current isohora inshuro 19. Uko agaciro ka In kaba kari hejuru, niko igihe cyo kubaho cya SPD kirushaho kuba kirekire, ariko ikiguzi nacyo kiriyongera.

(4) Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi (Iimp)

Ibipimo bitatu bigenwa: ingano y'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi (Ipeak), charge (Q), n'ingufu zihariye (W/R), uyu muvuduko w'amashanyarazi ukoreshwa muri Ubwoko bwa I ibizamini. Imiterere isanzwe y'umuraba ni 10/350 μs.