Guhitamo ibikoresho byo kurinda kwiyongera kwa sisitemu za PV - Gushyiraho SPDs

1. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku ishyirwaho rya SPD

Ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi mu buryo bwa photovoltaic (PV) bwo hejuru buterwa ahanini n'inkuba zikubita (ku nyubako cyangwa hafi y'ibikoresho bya PV bifite LPS), ingufu ziterwa n'impinduka z'amashanyarazi ziterwa n'inkuba, cyangwa ibikorwa byo guhinduranya ingufu mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi ya AC/DC. Kugira ngo harebwe akamaro ko kurinda ingufu no kumenya ingamba zikwiye zo kurinda, ingufu zihangana n'ingufu (Uw) z'ibikoresho zigomba gukoreshwa nk'icyitegererezo. Keretse iyo bivuzwe ukundi n'isuzuma ry'ibyago, SPD zigomba gushyirwa ku mpande zombi za DC na AC za sisitemu ya PV.

Ibikoresho biri muri sisitemu ya PV bishobora gukenera uburinzi birimo:

Inverters, harimo imiyoboro ya sisitemu ya AC ifite voltage nke na sisitemu ya DC, PV arrays, insinga z'imbere za sisitemu ya PV, ibice bishyirwa hagati ya inverter na PV arrays, nk'udusanduku twa combiner; ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu kugenzura no kugenzura sisitemu ya PV.

Dukurikije IEC 61643-12 n'ibice bireba bya GB/T 21714, guhitamo no gushyiraho SPDs kuri sisitemu za PV biterwa n'ibintu byinshi. Ibi birimo ubucucike bw'imirasire y'ubutaka (NG) [1/km²·umwaka] cyangwa impuzandengo y'iminsi y'inkuba ku mwaka (T), imiterere ya sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ifite voltage nke (urugero: imiyoboro yo hejuru cyangwa insinga zo munsi y'ubutaka) n'imiterere y'ibikoresho birinzwe, niba sisitemu yo kurinda inkuba yo hanze (LPS) yashyizweho kugira ngo ikingire sisitemu ya PV impanuka z'inkuba.

Iyo hari LPS yo hanze, ibisabwa na SPD bigira ingaruka ku rwego rwo kurinda (Ubwoko) bwa LPS ndetse no kumenya niba intera isabwa yo gutandukanya (S) hagati ya LPS na sisitemu ya PV igumaho (itandukanijwe ugereranyije na LPS idafite aho ihuriye).

2. Ingaruka z'imiterere itandukanye ya LPS yo hanze ku kurinda inkuba kuri sisitemu za PV

Gushyiramo SPD kuri sisitemu za PV zo ku gisenge muri rusange bigizwe n'ibyiciro bitatu, hashingiwe ku kuba hari n'ubwoko bwa LPS yo hanze:

(1) Sisitemu za PV zidafite LPS yo hanze

Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo (bitagaragara hano), niba inyubako idafite sisitemu yo kurinda inkuba yo hanze, SPD zigomba gushyirwaho hashingiwe ku byavuye mu isuzuma ry’ingaruka z’inkuba. Ni byiza gushyiraho ibikoresho birinda inkuba ku mpande zombi za AC na DC kugira ngo birinde ibice by’ingenzi bya PV.

Ku ruhande rwa DC, hagomba gushyirwaho ubwoko bwa 2 DC SPD (yahimbwe nka DC1) hafi y'agasanduku ka PV combiner cyangwa PV array (niba nta gasanduku ka combiner gakoreshwa). Iyi SPD irinda inyubako imiyoboro yo hanze yoherezwa binyuze mu nsinga za PV kandi akenshi ishyirwamo nyuma gato y'uko insinga za PV zinjira mu nyubako. Indi SPD ya 2 DC (yahimbwe nka DC2) igomba gushyirwaho hafi y'aho DC input ya inverter igera. Niba uburebure bw'insinga buri hagati ya DC1 na inverter buri munsi ya metero 10, DC1 ishobora gusibwa.

Ku ruhande rwa AC, ubwoko bwa 2 AC SPD (yitwa AC1) niyo isabwa ku gice cy’amashanyarazi cya AC, gikunze kuba kiri ku gice cy’ingenzi gikwirakwiza. Iki gikoresho kirinda imiraba ituruka ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi. Niba AC1 ikenewe muri sisitemu idafite uburinzi bw’imirabyo yo hanze biterwa n’ibisubizo by’isuzuma ry’ibyago by’imirabyo. Kugira ngo urinde inverter ihenze, ubwoko bwa 2 AC SPD (yitwa AC2) busanzwe bushyirwa hafi y’umusaruro wa AC wa inverter. Niba uburebure bw’insinga buri hagati ya AC1 na AC2 buri munsi ya metero 10, AC2 ishobora gusibwa. Reba imbonerahamwe y’uburyo bwo kuyishyiraho kugira ngo ubone ubuyobozi burambuye.

(2) Sisitemu za PV zifite LPS zo hanze zujuje intera isabwa yo gutandukana (LPS yihariye)

Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo, iyo inyubako ifite sisitemu yo kurinda inkuba yo hanze (nk'inkoni zo guhagarika umwuka cyangwa kaseti) kandi agace k'urukuta rw'inyuma karinzwe n'iyi sisitemu kandi intera ikwiye yo gutandukanya ibintu, sisitemu ya PV ifatwa nk'aho ifite LPS yihariye. Ndetse no muri iki gihe, gushyiraho SPDs birakenewe.

Ku sisitemu zifite LPS yihariye, imiterere ya SPD isa na sisitemu zidafite uburinzi bw'inkuba bwo hanze. SPD yo mu bwoko bwa 2 DC igomba gushyirwa hafi y'agasanduku k'insinga, cyangwa hafi y'agasanduku ka PV niba nta gasanduku k'insinga gakoreshwa. Indi SPD yo mu bwoko bwa 2 DC igomba gushyirwa hafi y'uruhande rwa DC rw'insinga, na SPD yo mu bwoko bwa 2 AC hafi y'uruhande rwa AC rw'insinga. Ariko, kubera ko sisitemu ya PV ihuza inyubako no hanze yayo, SPD yo mu bwoko bwa 1 AC nayo irakenewe ku kibaho gikuru cy'insinga aho ingufu z'amashanyarazi zinjira mu nyubako. Reba imbonerahamwe y'imiterere kugirango ubone ubuyobozi burambuye ku miterere.

(3) Sisitemu za PV zifite LPS zo hanze zitujuje intera isabwa yo gutandukana (LPS idashyizwe ukwayo)

Muri sisitemu za PV zo hejuru y'inzu aho amapine yegereye cyane sisitemu yo kurinda inkuba yo hanze (LPS) kandi akaba adashobora kugera ku ntera isabwa mu mutekano, ibice byose by'icyuma bya sisitemu ya PV bigomba guhuzwa na LPS kugira ngo habeho guhuza neza imirabyo. Ubu ni bwo buryo busanzwe bukoreshwa mu kurinda inkuba zo hejuru y'inzu. Muri ubu buryo, insinga za AC na DC zombi zifatwa nk'imashini zihuza muri sisitemu yo guhuza, bivuze ko zishobora kugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku muyaga w'inkuba. Niyo mpamvu IEC isaba gukoresha ibikoresho birinda inkuba zo mu bwoko bwa 1 (SPDs)—ubusanzwe hamwe na SPD zo mu bwoko bwa 2—ku ngingo z'ingenzi muri sisitemu: aho insinga za PV zinjira mu nyubako, no ku mpande zombi za AC na DC z'ibikoresho by'ingenzi nka inverter.

Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo, DC1 igomba gushyirwa hafi y’agasanduku k’ibikoresho byo guhuza, cyangwa hafi y’aho PV iherereye niba nta gasanduku k’ibikoresho byo guhuza. DC2 na AC2 bigomba gushyirwa hafi y’inverter kugira ngo biyirinde neza. Akenshi, AC1 (kuri panel nkuru) na AC2 (hafi ya inverter) byombi birakenewe. Ariko niba inverter ishyizwe imbere muri panel nkuru kandi isangiye ubutaka bumwe, ifite uburebure bwa metero 0.5 cyangwa uburebure bwa metero 0.5, AC2 ishobora kuba idakenewe. Ushobora kureba imbonerahamwe kugira ngo ubone ubuyobozi burambuye bwo kuyishyiraho.

1：DC1 ishobora gusibwa mu bihe bikurikira: Niba uburebure bw'insinga hagati ya DC1 na inverter buri munsi ya metero 10, kandi urwego rwo kurinda voltage (Hejuru) ya AC2 ruri munsi cyangwa rungana n'inshuro 0.8 z'umuvuduko wa PV array uhangana na voltage (Uw); cyangwa niba Hejuru ya AC2 iri munsi cyangwa ingana n'inshuro 0.5 Uw na conductor ya PE (protective earth) inyuzwa hafi y'insinga za DC.

2：AC2 ishobora gusibwa hakurikijwe ibi bikurikira: Niba uburebure bw'insinga hagati ya AC1 na AC2 buri munsi ya metero 10; cyangwa niba inverter n'ikibaho gikuru gikwirakwiza ibintu bisangiye electrode imwe yo gusimbuza, kandi insinga zo guhuza za SPD zitarengeje metero 0.5—urugero, niba inverter ishyizwe imbere mu gice cy'ingenzi.

3: Ubuso buke bwo kwambukiranya ibyuma bitera imbaraga SPD: Kuri SPD zo mu bwoko bwa 2, icyuma gitera imbaraga umuringa kigomba kuba munsi ya mm² 6; kuri SPD zo mu bwoko bwa 1, kigomba kuba munsi ya mm² 16.

Guhitamo DC-side SPDs muri sisitemu za PV zo hejuru y'inzu biterwa ahanini n'uburyo inyubako irinzwe inkuba n'uburyo sisitemu ifatanye. Dukurikije imbonerahamwe y'imiterere n'amahame ya IEC, hagomba kubaho agakingirizo k'ubushyuhe ku ruhande rwa DC rw'inverter. Ariko SPDs z'inyongera hafi y'agasanduku k'inverter—cyangwa hafi y'udusanduku twa PV niba nta gasanduku k'inverter karimo—zikenerwa gusa iyo insinga iri hagati y'udusanduku n'inverter ndende kurusha metero 10.

Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, si ko bikorwa hose. Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe—urugero, mu Budage—amategeko ni ibinyuranye n’ibyo. Aho ngaho, uburinzi bwa DC surge buhora bushyirwa iruhande rw’amapaneli ya PV, kandi ukeneye kongeramo imwe hafi ya inverter iyo insinga irenga metero 10.