Ⅰ. Ni iki i kwiyongera kw'ingufu igikoresho cyo kurinda (SPDs)?

 

Igikoresho cyo kurinda ingufu z'amashanyarazi (SPD) ni igikoresho cy'ikoranabuhanga gikoreshwa mu kurinda ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi imbaraga z'amashanyarazi zidasanzwe, nk'iziterwa n'inkuba, impinduka z'amashanyarazi, cyangwa imbaraga z'amashanyarazi zikomoka ku guhinduranya ibikoresho. Gituma ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bikora neza, cyongera igihe cyo kubaho kw'ibikoresho, kandi kikagabanya ibyago byo kwangirika guterwa n'ihindagurika ry'amashanyarazi binyuze mu kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi zidasanzwe no kuyobya imbaraga z'amashanyarazi zijya hasi.

 

Ibikoresho birinda ubushyuhe bikoreshwa cyane mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi, mu miyoboro y'itumanaho, mu nganda zikora ikoranabuhanga, mu bikoresho byo mu rugo no mu bindi bikorwa, kandi ni igice cy'ingenzi mu kurinda umutekano w'amashanyarazi.

 

1.1 Ihame ry'imikorere ry'uburinzi bw'ubushyuhe

 

Inshingano y'ingenzi y'ikirinda umuvuduko ni ukumenya no gukumira umuvuduko ukabije w'amashanyarazi. Ihame ry'imikorere yacyo rishingiye ahanini ku buryo bukurikira.

 

1.1.1 Gufunga amashanyarazi

Iyo voltage iri muri circuit irenze urugero rw’umubare w’amashanyarazi, ibice bitari umurongo biri mu cyuma gikingira umuvuduko (nk'ibice bisohora umwuka cyangwa diode z’igihe gito) bihita byihuta, bigabanyiriza umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi mu rugero rutekanye.

 

1.1.2 Ingufu Gusezererwa

Iyi mashini irinda umuvuduko w'amazi inyuza ingufu zikomoka ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi urenze urugero mu butaka, ikabubuza kwinjira mu bikoresho birinzwe.

 

1.1.3 Ikoresha uburyo bwikora gukira

Hari ibikoresho birinda umuvuduko bishobora gusubira mu bikorwa bisanzwe nyuma y’impanuka, mu gihe ibindi bisaba gusimburwa n’intoki cyangwa kongera kuyisubiza.

 

1.2 Uburyo kuri hitamo igikoresho cyo kurinda umuvuduko

Mu guhitamo igikoresho gikingira impanuka gikwiye, ibintu bikurikira bigomba kwitabwaho.

 

1.2.1 Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi urwego 

Voltage igenwa n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi igomba kuba ihuye n'voltage y'umuvuduko urinzwe, nka sisitemu ya AC ya 220V cyangwa sisitemu ya 48V DC.

 

1.2.2 Ubu ubushobozi (Muri/Iimp)

 

Ibi bigaragaza umuvuduko ntarengwa w’amashanyarazi ushobora kwihanganira, ubusanzwe upimirwa muri kA (amperes igihumbi), kandi SPD zifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru bw’amashanyarazi zigomba gutoranywa mu duce dukunze gukubitwa n’inkuba.

 

1.2.3 Igisubizo igihe

  

Uko igihe cyo gusubiza kiba gito, niko ingaruka zo kurinda ziba nziza. SPD zifite igihe cyo gusubiza cyo ku rwego rwa nanosecond zikwiriye ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho.

 

1.2.4 Uburinzi uburyo

 

Hitamo uburyo bwo kurinda buri mu cyiciro kimwe, gatatu cyangwa buhuriweho (nka LN, L-PE, N-PE, nibindi) ukurikije ibisabwa na sisitemu.

 

1.2.5 Gushyiramo aho umuntu aherereye

  

Dukurikije ibipimo ngenderwaho bya IEC 61643, ibikoresho birinda inyubako bishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bya 1 (umuryango winjira mu nyubako), 2 (agasanduku ko gukwirakwiza), na 3 (inkombe y'ibikoresho).

 

1.2.6 Icyemezo amahame

 

Hitamo ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga (nka UL 1449, IEC 61643) kugira ngo urebe ko ari iby'umutekano kandi byizerwa.

 

1.3 Uburyo kuri shyiraho icyuma kirinda kwiyongera kw'ingufu

 

Gushyiraho neza ni ingenzi kugira ngo ubwirinzi bw'ingufu bukore neza:

 

1.3.1 Gushyiramo aho aherereye:

 

- Ubwoko bwa 1 SPD bugomba gushyirwa mu gice cy’ingenzi gikwirakwiza ibintu cyangwa ku murongo w’inyubako winjira kugira ngo burinde inkuba cyangwa imirabyo itera.

- Ubwoko bwa 2 SPD bushyirwa mu gice cyo gukwirakwiza ibikoresho kugira ngo butange uburinzi bwa kabiri.

- Ubwoko bwa 3 SPD bushyirwa hafi y'ibikoresho byoroheje nka seriveri n'ibikoresho by'itumanaho.

 

1.3.2 Uburyo bwo gukoresha insinga:

 

Koresha insinga ngufi kandi nini kugira ngo ugabanye impedance.

Menya neza ko ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubutaka bwujuje ibipimo ngenderwaho (ubusanzwe ≤ 10Ω).

 

1.3.3 Ihuza ry'ibice bihurirana n'ibice bikurikirana:

 

- SPD nyinshi zishyirwa mu buryo bungana, ibyo ntibibangamira imikorere isanzwe ya circuit.

- Hari SPD zihariye (nk'ubwoko bwo kuyungurura) zishobora gushyirwaho mu buryo bukurikiranye.

 

1.3.4 Gusana n'uburyo bwo gusimbuza:

 

- Reba buri gihe uko SPD ihagaze. Hari SPD zimwe zifite ikimenyetso cy'ubuzima (urugero, idirishya ritukura rigaragaza ko ryananiwe).

- Nubwo isura yaba imeze neza nyuma y’ingaruka nyinshi z’umuvuduko, igomba gusimburwa.

 

Ⅱ. DC/AC irinda umuvuduko

 

2.1 DC Izamuka ry'ingufu Umurinzi

 

2.1.1 Igitekerezo cy'Umurinzi wa DC Surge

 

DC Surge Protector (DC SPD) yagenewe by'umwihariko sisitemu z'amashanyarazi za DC kandi ikoreshwa mu kurinda ibikoresho bikoresha DC nka sisitemu z'izuba, sitasiyo z'amashanyarazi zikoresha ibinyabiziga, sitasiyo z'itumanaho, n'ibigo by'amakuru kwangirika kw'imirasire. Kubera ko amashanyarazi ya DC atagira impinduka mu buryo buhoraho, imiterere y'uburinzi bw'imirasire ya DC igomba kwita ku miterere y'amashanyarazi ahoraho n'ibintu bitera polarity.

 

2.1.2 Gukora Ihame ry'Uburinzi bwa DC Surge

 

• Igishushanyo mbonera cya Polarite: Polarite ya voltage ya sisitemu ya DC irahamye. SPD igomba kwemeza ko ishobora gukora neza gusa iyo inkingi nziza na mbi zihujwe neza.

• Ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira amashanyarazi buri gihe: Bitandukanye na AC SPD, DC SPD igomba kwihanganira amashanyarazi ahoraho igihe kirekire idakora neza.

• Ikoranabuhanga ryihariye ryo kuzimya arc: Amashanyarazi ya DC nta hantu karemano ho kwambukiranya arc, kandi arc iragoye kuyizimya. Kubwibyo, DC SPD igomba gukoresha igikoresho cyihariye cyo kuzimya arc (nk'imashini ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya magnetic blowout arc).

 

2.1.3 Imikorere ya DC Surge Protector

 

- Kurinda paneli z'izuba, inverters na sisitemu zo kubika ingufu inkuba n'ingufu zituruka ku guhindagurika kw'ikirere.

- Kugenzura imikorere ihamye y'aho amashanyarazi ashyirwa, birinda ko amashanyarazi menshi yangiza sisitemu yo gucunga bateri.

- Kwizeza umutekano w'amashanyarazi ya DC ku bigo by'itumanaho n'ibigo by'amakuru, bigabanya ibyago byo kudakora neza kw'ibikoresho.

 

AC 2.2 Izamuka ry'ingufu Umurinzi

 

2.2.1 Igitekerezo y'Umurinzi wa AC Surge

 

AC Surge Protector (AC SPD) ikoreshwa mu kurinda sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ya AC (nk'amazu, inganda, amazu y'ubucuruzi, nibindi) kwangirika kw'amashanyarazi. Bitewe n'impinduka z'amashanyarazi ya AC zibaho rimwe na rimwe, igishushanyo cya SPD kigomba guhinduka bitewe n'impinduka z'umuvuduko (50Hz/60Hz) n'impinduka z'ibyiciro.

 

2.2.2 Gukora Ihame ry'Uburinzi bw'Ingufu za AC

 

• Guhindura Ingano: AC SPD igomba kuba ishobora gufata neza ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu byiciro byose.

• Gusubiza vuba: Ubushobozi bwa AC buri hejuru, bityo igihe cyo gusubiza cya SPD kigomba kuba gito cyane (urwego rwa nanosecond).

• Gusubiza mu buryo bwikora: Amwe muri AC SPDs ashobora gukira mu buryo bwikora nyuma y’ikibazo cy’ubwiyongere bw’amashanyarazi kandi nta ngaruka zisabwa n’intoki.

 

2.3 Uburyo bwo Nibyo Hitamo DC cyangwa AC Surge Protector

 

• Shyiraho ubwoko bwa sisitemu: Banza umenye niba ari sisitemu ya DC cyangwa AC.

• Suzuma ibyago byo kwiyongera kw'inkuba: Mu duce dukunze gukubitwa n'inkuba, hitamo urwego rwo hejuru rwo kurinda (nk'uruvange rw'ubwoko bwa 1 n'ubwoko bwa 2).

• Ibisabwa mu guhuza ibikoresho: Ku bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho, hitamo SPDs zifite igisubizo cyihuse.

• Reba abahanga: Ku bijyanye na sisitemu zigoye (nk'amashanyarazi avanze), ni byiza kugira injeniyeri ushushanya gahunda yo kurinda.

Ⅲ. Umwanzuro

Ibikoresho birinda umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu kurinda umutekano wa sisitemu z'amashanyarazi. Haba muri porogaramu za DC cyangwa AC, guhitamo SPD ikwiye no kuyishyiraho neza bishobora kugabanya cyane ibyago byo kwangirika kw'ibikoresho. Hamwe n'iterambere ry'ingufu nshya, imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, n'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi igezweho, icyifuzo cy'ibikoresho birinda umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ugororotse kiriyongera, mu gihe ibikoresho birinda umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi bikomeje kuba ishingiro ry'amashanyarazi yo mu nganda no mu ngo. Binyuze mu guhitamo kwa siyansi no gushyiraho ibintu bisanzwe, ibikoresho birinda umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi bizaba "abarinzi b'umutekano" bizewe ku bikoresho by'amashanyarazi.